difference between descriptive and analytical cross sectional study
To compare unmatched qualitative variables, we used the chi-square test. . Gonzlez-Carceln C.M., Nicols Lpez J., Lpez Snchez G.F. Levels of physical activity in people with diabetes residing in Spain. j=>N@8CRPra,:J^c!m2+{u^6HQ8fg|gsQARqn; MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Espaola de Endocrinologa y Nutricin (SEEN) [Clinical recommendations for sport practice in diabetic patients (RECORD Guide). These tips begin on page 4. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jcm12062443/s1. Epidemiological studies can be described as belonging to one of two categories: descriptive or analytical. 
Shown in Figure 1 are the frequency of PA and number of days per week of PA according to gender among people with self-reported diabetes included in the EHISS conducted in years 2014 and 2020. The association between obesity and less PA among people with diabetes is especially relevant due to the benefit in glycemic control and the cardiovascular risk profile of weight loss that can be achieved with PA [2,9,29]. See the definition in the. DINO study findings. Similar results have been found in the US population in the years 2016 and 2017, where 44.2% of 4860 persons over 65 years of age with diabetes or prediabetes reported PA two or three times a week compared to 48.1% from a matched sample without diabetes [30]. The purpose of the study is descriptive, often in the form of a survey. The participants in this type of study are selected based on particular variables of interest. You could sample millions with a survey but not so much with an observational study. Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease with a significant impact on quality of life, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs [1,2]. WebThe present study is a cross-sectional epidemiologic study. We checked the normality of continuous variables using the KolmogorovSmirnov test and found that our study variables followed a normal distribution, so the Students t-test was used for comparisons. The Influence of Paid Memberships on Physician Rating Websites With the Example of the German Portal Jameda: Descriptive Cross-sectional Study J Med Internet Res 2023;25:e39259 doi: 10.2196/39259 Copy Citation to Clipboard Regarding gender, the proportion of females was higher among those without diabetes than among those with diabetes (54.1% vs. 51.9%; p = 0.045 in the in the EHISS2014 and 53.3% vs. 49.6% in the EHISS2020; p < 0.001). WebThey are useful for establishing preliminary evidence in planning a future advanced study. If the amount of exposure among the case group is substantially higher than the amount you would expect based on the control group, then illness is said to be associated with that exposure. An alternative type of cohort study is a retrospective cohort study. Below are some additionalFrequently Asked Questionsabout the Analytical Cross-Sectional StudiesChecklistthat have been asked students in previous semesters. Similarly, in a trial to prevent onset of diabetes among high-risk individuals, investigators randomly assigned enrollees to one of three groups placebo, an anti-diabetes drug, or lifestyle intervention. Furthermore, several sociodemographic and clinical variables have shown an association with PA among people with diabetes [15,16,17,25,26,27,27,28,29,30,31]. In many cases, diabetes is preceded by abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, and prediabetes. A cross sectional study can include both descriptive and analytical information. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The incidence and prevalence, In this cross-sectional Classify each of the following studies as: We take your privacy seriously. You can review and change the way we collect information below. I occupy my free time almost completely sedentary; 2. This action was in direct response to the convincing results of the analytic epidemiology, which compared the exposure history of case-patients with that of an appropriate comparison group. The EHISS is a powerful source of information through the collection and analysis of demographic and socio-economic characteristics, self-reported clinical conditions, use of medications and health services, and lifestyles; many of these variables are usually difficult to obtain from clinical records. Kongstad M.B., Valentiner L.S., Ried-Larsen M., Walker K.C., Juhl C.B., Langberg H. Effectiveness of remote feedback on physical activity in persons with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement. Gender differences were found with significantly more PA among males with diabetes. The site is secure. Grupo de Investigacin en Epidemiologa de las Enfermedades Crnicas de Alta Prevalencia en Espaa (970970). I do PA several times a month; and 4. 37014690, Copyright It has been reported to have a strong correlation with This survey type is also known as a cross-sectional study, transverse study, prevalence study, or cross-sectional analysis. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. [(accessed on 4 January 2023)]; Jimnez Trujillo I., Jimnez Garca R., Vazquez-Fernandez del Pozo S., Hernndez Barrera V., Carrasco Garrido P., Suarez P., Gil de Miguel A. Unlike most previous studies, in our investigation, we have matched people with and without diabetes by age, gender, and region of residence to improve study efficiency by increasing precision and therefore providing novel and more reliable results [32]. Shortly thereafter, the Food and Drug Administration issued an advisory to the public about green onions and risk of hepatitis A. We aimed to examine incidentally diagnosed cancer among a cohort of cancer patients diagnosed in With this question, we created the variable Frequency of PA and those participants who answered options 1 and 2 were classified as sedentary or with a low frequency, and those who answered options 3 and 4 were classified to have a medium or high frequency of PA. A correlational study can also establish whether this relationship has <>
Intervention approaches in this subgroup of patients should be individualized, multidisciplinary, and always considering their specific barriers to PA [2,9,29,43]. Cross-sectional studies can be thought of as a "snapshot" of the frequency and characteristics of a condition in a population at a particular point in time. Cross-sectional studies are used routinely to document the prevalence in a community of health behaviors (prevalence of smoking), health states (prevalence of vaccination against measles), and health outcomes, particularly chronic conditions (hypertension, diabetes). `u In a cohort study the epidemiologist records whether each study participant is exposed or not, and then tracks the participants to see if they develop the disease of interest. It is analytical when you are testing a hypothesis and have a group that is non-diseased and one that isdiseased and you are testing the difference between the two groups. We should finally note that studies can incorporate several design elements. Note that this differs from an experimental study because, in a cohort study, the investigator observes rather than determines the participants exposure status. Both the RR and the OR can be calculated to describe the association between the exposure and the outcome. What is the epidemiological triangle? At the end of the follow-up period, investigators found the lowest incidence of diabetes in the lifestyle intervention group, the next lowest in the anti-diabetic drug group, and the highest in the placebo group.(39). Details of the questions used and the covariates created are shown in Table S1. Distribution according to study variables of people with self-reported diabetes included in the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (EHISS) conducted in years 2014 and 2020. 4 0 obj
Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 250 MSc students of critical care nursing were selected by convenience sampling from 17 state nursing From these observations, epidemiologists develop hypotheses about the causes of these patterns and about the factors that increase risk of disease. As a comparison group, the investigator then enrolls a group of people without disease (controls). [(accessed on 24 November 2022)]. endobj
https://libguides.utoledo.edu/nursingappraisal, Critical Appraisal Resources for Nursing Research and EBP, Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research, A confounder orconfoundingfactor/confounding variable is oftenreferred to as a third variable that could potentially impact the study's results. In an observational study, the epidemiologist simply observes the exposure and disease status of each study participant. The central tendency concerns the averages of the values. Fifth, another relevant limitation of our investigation is that only two levels of frequency of PA (up to 1 day/week and >2 days/week) were available to the participants, so we cannot assess a possible doseresponse relationship. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Or for descriptive purposes. For each person with diabetes case, we randomly matched a person without diabetes control interviewed in the same year and with identical age, gender, and region of residence. These studies seek to "gather data from a group of Studies of PA trends in the population with diabetes are limited [27], but until now, they have mostly shown stable or unfavorable trends [15,27,28]. Unlike cohort studies, cross-sectional studies do not have a follow-up period and therefore are relatively simple to conduct. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. The length of follow-up varies considerably. 3 0 obj
Shown in Table S2 are the results of the multivariable analysis to assess if diabetes was associated with the frequency of PA and the number of days of PA, after controlling for all the sociodemographic or clinical covariates. As noted earlier, descriptive epidemiology can identify patterns among cases and in populations by time, place and person. WebWays to use cross-sectional studies Cross-sectional studies are used both descriptively and analytically. In a time-sequential design, a second age group is added to a time-lag design, and two or more cross-sectional comparisons are made at different times of testing. (3) Results: The number of participants aged 18 years with self-reported diabetes were 1852 and 1889 in the EHISS2014 and EHISS2020, respectively. Vol 25 Web) is a Survey type study with data gathered via polling questionnaires and relying on honesty. Epidemiologic studies fall into two categories: experimental and observational. To compare people with and without diabetes, we matched individuals by age and sex. Valds S., Garca-Torres F., Maldonado-Araque C., Goday A., Calle-Pascual A., Soriguer F., Castao L., Catal M., Gomis R., Rojo-Martnez G., et al. The possible answers (0 to 7 days) were categorized in none or one day and two days or more. A cross-sectional study was performed using a bespoke questionnaire based on the previous experience of the authors and a literature review of COVID-19 cases and reported symptoms. These differences have been previously observed in Spanish and international studies [16,25,26,31]. Cross-sectional studies can be used for both analytical and descriptive purposes: An analytical study tries to answer how or In Spain, a multicenter population study on adherence to healthy lifestyles in type 2 diabetes patients found that male gender was the variable most strongly associated with adequate compliance with nutrition and PA recommendations [26]. Variables associated with medium or high physical activity and with number of days per week of physical activity 2 days in the study population. Case-control study. Conditions included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart diseases, stroke, cancer, mental disease, and high blood pressure. %
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Differences in exposure prevalence between the case and control groups allow investigators to conclude that the exposure is associated with the disease. The EHISS2014 was conducted from January to December 2014 and the EHISS2020 from July 2019 to July 2020. JMIR Publications, JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are Physical education should be encouraged from the school environment, as well as promote the creation and improve accessibility to spaces for the practice of exercise [39]. In analytical cross-sectional Briefly, the EHISS is a home-based personal interview conducted with a three-stage sampling method to obtain a national representative sample of people aged 15 years residing in households. These findings are like those reported in the literature [16,30,41], and possibly have a two-way direction causality. 12.4.2. Physical activity and exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes: Where to start? There are no citations yet available for this article according to A participant was considered to have diabetes if answered affirmatively to the question: Has your doctor told you that you are suffering from diabetes?. WebCross-sectional studies are what researchers call observational (as distinct from experimental type studies). %PDF-1.5
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